An Architecture for Source Code Protection

An Architecture for Source Code ProtectionAbstract collectible to expectant competition in software industry the blood line code and binaries have to be protected. Source code open in plain form could be easily stolen and launched on any computer exploitation IDE. We will discuss a protocol that will be used in both (single drug substance abuser and teaming environment) in order to provide opening code fortress. This would be achieved though certification, authorization, encryption/decryption and hashing.KeywordsEncryption Authentication Authorization Hashing Source code SC Binaries Integrated development environment (IDE) Authentication server Ticket Granting Server (ATGS)INTRODUCTIONIn software industry, the most important asset of the industry is the source code of the software which is being developed. There is a lot of work that has been have one in the secure communication, secure databases, and other security services in applications but the source code itself is not being protected which might result in a great financial and data loss for an organization. Due to great competition in software Industry Company coming up with new and unique desires and launches it in the market will in pass by generate great revenue. So in software industry its just about the idea that matters.Most of the software companies dont outpouring out their upcoming products until they are ready to be released in the market. Due to the wideness of the idea and source code, source code theft is the biggest threat in software industry. Source code theft could be physical or via some botnet. In physical source code theft a person might get entryway to your form and copies the source files and takes it to his own strategy to recompile with the IDE. He got access to all of your work without any difficulty. The other case could be a Lab environment where many users have access to a common machine. In this situation any person logging on the system can view history in the IDE he could also access those source files if they are made available. In the second type where your competitors know the importance of your system might launch a botnet on your machine. In this ways all your important files (including source files etc) could be stolen and sent to a remote machine. The person getting access to these source files might get a great benefit from it.Our work is to encrypt these source files and binaries generated by the IDE using cryptographic technique. Because if we dont protect the binaries, the binary could be overturnd engineered to conjure source code using some decompiler 1. JAD could be used to launch a reverse engineering attack on binaries 2. Some softwares are available in the market that encrypts your files (including source files etc) but these files have to be encrypted manually every time. Due to this extra effort people just skip it. In our model source files and binaries would be mechanically encrypted whenever the user performs the Save, Save As and Execute operation. In this way thedeveloper could pay his full attention on software development without caring about its protection. Our technique will provide confidentiality to source code and binaries, tempering of source code and idea leaking.RELATED WORKThe idea of protecting source code and its binaries was influenced from some of its related workGuy-Armand Yandji, Lui Lian Hao, Amir-Eddine Youssouf, Jules Ehoussou 3 presented a model for normal file encryption and decryption. The paper describes a methodology using AES and MD5 for encrypting files. The outcome file that will as a result be hashed and strongly encrypted through the software.Xiufeng Zhang and Qiaoyan Wen 4 described the flexibility of Java language, which makes the protection become very difficult. Using decompiler 5 such as Jad we can easily extract the source code from the binary file. Therefore, any malicious users can use the anti-compiler tools to make reverse-engineering attacks. Th e paper presented an AOP-Based J2EE Source Code Protection technique in they gave solving to the problem that arises when encrypting J2EE applications.ByungRae Cha 6 presented a CRYPTEX model for protecting software source code. The model presented safe protection and access pick up of software source codes. The access control to the source code was achieved using digital certificate. The CRYPTEX consisted of software source codes and an algorithm to control access.A White Paper sponsored by CA Technologies 7 for Protecting APIs against attack and hijack presented a secure API architecture. APIs are windows into applications and as with any window an API can easily be misused. APIs put applications beneath the hacker mi croscope and increase attack surface on client application. So a solution was presented using SecureSpan API proxy.SVN 8 and CVS 9 are used to control versions.A version control system keeps track of all work and all changes in a set of files, and allows several d evelopers to access them. Access to these files is controls using authentication and authorization if the files are not open source. Subversion can operate on network which will allow various people to modify and bonk the same set of data.RISK FACTORSSource code is the main asset of any product, if somehow the source code is compromised the whole product get compromised. It should be necessary to become aware of the threats that are caused when source code or the binaries are compromisedSource code can be used to steal the idea behind that product and can be used to make a similar product.Source code can give attackers information about the works of your application and it will also provide him the loopholes in your application which would help him to launch attacks.Binary files can be revered engineered to generate source files using a decompiler and possible attacks could be launched by those source files.By having the source code or binaries the attacker can add some unwanted f rolic to that product and make that malicious product available to the publicBypass license checks (patching) in your product and make a free copy available to public.MANUALLY ENCRYPTING AND DECRYPTINGYou can encrypt and decrypt the source files and binaries manually using some software but in our access code the source files and binaries would be encrypted and decrypted automatically without any extra effort.Time ConsumingBecause we have to do encryption and decryption manually with the help of some software so existing approach might be more time consuming then ours.Purchase of extra SoftwareWe might need to purchase extra software in order to perform this encryption and decryption of source files and binaries. In our approach no extra software is required to perform this task. This would be a tout inside the IDE.More SecureOur approach is more secure than the existing one because the developer might forget to do this operation and leave the source files and binaries unencrypted . opus in our approach whenever you exit the IDE the source files and binaries would be encrypted before closing IDE.In our approach developer wont need to care about the protection of source files and binaries these would be secured automatically at backend.SOURCE CODE PROTECTION ENVIRONMENTSOur focus is on two types of source code protection environmentsSingle exploiter EnvironmentTeaming EnvironmentSingle User EnvirnomentIn a single user environment a single user using IDE on his system would face all the challenges to the source code that we have discussed above. The Source code is stored on the local drive onto the system in plain form. Anyone getting access to that drive can misuse the source code. We have to protect this source code by providing some kind of security measures.Proposed SolutionFirst the user will be authenticated. So when the user launches the IDE a login screen will appear he would enter his username and password if his logging for the first time he has to get registered and the hash of the password would be taken and stored with username at some secure place (i.e. database ). If his already registered the entered password has to be hashed and is compared with the hash that is already stored with a particular username. Now if the both hash match then the user would be logged in to the IDE with a particular ID as shown in figure 1. If thither is some kind of error the user would be asked to re-enter again, Skip and run IDE normally or exit.Fig. 1. Authentication sequence diagramOur main accent mark would be on Save, Save As, Open and execute operations because these operations require security enforcement. Say the user tries to open an existing

The liberlization and privatization of the indian economy

The liberlization and privatization of the indian economyRajiv Gandhis government initiated the form _or_ system of government of relaxation method since mid-80s. The liberalization initiatives take in been undertaken in India with a view to increment a production, improve look and get access to merchandise for products and service abroad. Radical liberalization or globoseization measures have been brought in since July 1991 to make the Indian economy progressively mart oriented and integrate it with the emerging global economy structure. These measures include reduction and rationalization of excise duty and customs duties, delicensing of several drug and pharmaceutical products, officious access to bit of raw material and great(p) goods and so on.It has created an environment conducive to an enterprise, investment and innovation. Indian industries have started to attract hostile portfolio investment and uprightness participation in wise-fashioned ventures. The governm ent is committed to make abroad players feet at ease to invest sendly and bring with it new technology and merchandise skills. in that location has been impressive growth in FDI inflows to India with the introduction of policy reforms. As comp bed to a near total concentration in manufacturing till 1991, the bulk of new inflow has come in the energy and service empyrean.LiberalizationThe radical industrial Policy, 1991A number of authoritative stinting heightens introduced by m some(prenominal) a number of countries all the world over, the encouraging results of the liberalization measures introduced in 1980s by the Government of India, and the precarious economic situation that prevailed during the later part 80s have support and forced the then Congress government, which came back to power at the center, under the leadership of Shri. P. V. Narasimha Rao-a non Nehru family member, to take some bold measures to rejuvenate the economy and to invigorate the pace of victimi zation. In this background, the Government of India announced its sweet Industrial Policy (NIP or IP) on July 24, 1991. The important intentions are (a) to correct the distortions that may have crept in, and unite the strengths built on the gains already made, (b) to maintain sustained growth in the productivity and gainful employment, and (c) to attain inter matter competitiveness. Therefore, the basic philosophy of the bracing IP, 1991 has been the pertinacity with change. Because, the new policy represents a renewed initiative towards consolidating the gains of national reconstruction at this crucial stage. But what is more(prenominal) important is the change (in continuity with change)-change in the attitude of the state towards the industrial society, change from rudimentaryly planned economy to market led economy, change from excessive government intervention to minimal intervention, change from nationalization to privatization, change from subsidization and cross-subsid ization to gradual withdrawal of subsidy, etc. But these changes, which the government has introduced, represent a sharp departure from the earlier industrial policies. These changes match broadly to five areas viz., (a) Industrial licensing,(b) Public sector policy, (c) MRTP Act, 1969, (d) unlike investment, and (e) Foreign technology agreements.Industrial LicensingThis is one of the areas in which substantial change has been made by the government. With a view to launch effect to these changes, the government issued a notification viz., Notification No. 477 (E) on July 25, 1991 and this notification has exempted the industrial undertakings from the operation of the following Sections of Industries reading and regulations Act, 1951 typesetters case to the fulfillment of certain conditions.Section 10 (which deals with registration of existing industrial undertakings)Section 11 (which is concerned with the licensing for new industrial undertakings) andSection 13 (which is conce rned with the licensing requirements for substantial expansion).Further, the second schedule appended to the notification cited above viz., No. 477 (E) lists the industries which are reconcile to mandatory industrial licensing. According to this notification, only 18 industries were subject to compulsory industrial licensing. Further, five more industries have been excluded from the list of industries which are subject to compulsory industrial licensing subsequently. That means, only 13 industries are flat subject to compulsory industrial licensing.Public Sector PolicyA large number of Public Sector Enterprises have failed to achieve at least a reasonable rate of success. roughly of the factors which have contributed to this situation are over staffing and over managing, price and distributions controls, etc. Hence, the government, in its Industrial Policy, 1991, introduced the number of significant changes pertaining to the PSEs. Some of the important changes envisaged by the Ne w Policy are summarized below.Prior to the resolution of New Industrial Policy, 1991, seventeen industries were reserved exclusively for the state for their future maturement. Further, with value to another 12 industries, the state was to play an important role by taking initiative to establish new undertakings. Besides, the state had power to enter into any other area reserved for the clannish sector. However, the failure on the part of majority of PSEs has forced the government to review its earlier decision. Consequently, the government in its New Industrial Policy, 1991 has pruned the list of the industries reserved for the state-supported sector to only 8. Further, the government has dereserved 2 more industries. As a result, only six industries are now reserved for the open sector. They are (a) Arms and ammunition and allied items of defence equipment, aircraft and warships, (b) Atomic energy, (c) Coal and lignite, (d) Mineral oils, (e) Minerals specified in the schedule to the Atomic vim Order, 1953, and (f) Railway transport. Hence, the focus of the cosmos sector ordain be only on strategic and high tech industries and on basic infrastructural projects. However the objective of the New Industrial Policy has been to withdraw the exoteric sector investment from the activities which can successfully be taken up by the secret sector enterprises. The emphasis of PSEs in future forget be on (a) Basic and essential infrastructural facilities, (b) Mineral resources, (c) Crucial areas in the interest of the economy in the colossal run and where the private sector investment is inadequate, and (d) Defence equipment.With a view to mobilize the resources and to have a wider public participation, apart of governments constituent verifyings in its enterprises will be offered to the mutual funds, fiscal institutions, employs of PSEs, and the general public. The New Industrial Policy likewise proposes selective privatization of PSEs. Further, the polic y also proposes to close down the PSEs which have sour sick and which cannot be rehabilitated. The sick PSEs which can be revived will be refered to Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction for the formulation of revival packages. The New Industrial Policy also aims at providing great operational and managerial autonomy to the management of PSEs and making the managements accountable for the mental process through a clay called Memorandum of Understanding.MRTP Act, 1969The New Industrial Policy, 1991 proposes to amend suitably the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969. To remove the door limits of assets in respect of MRTP companies and the dominant industrial undertakings. The important objectives of this were both in number. They arePrevention of concentration of economic power in the hands of few which will be detrimental to the common interest andRegulation of monopolistic, restrictive and unfair switch over practices which are pursued by the busin ess community and which are prejudicial to the public interest.The New Policy proposes to renew the threshold limits of assets and therefore, to repeal the Provisions of MRTP Act, 1969 pertaining to the first objective. Hence, the MRTP Act now concerned only with the prohibition of monopolistic, restrictive and unfair wiliness practices followed by the industrial undertakings and the trading communities.Foreign InvestmentAs far as the direct unknown investment is concerned, the New Policy proposes to give automatic approval up to 51% of legality in the case of high priority industries and it has also identified 34 much(prenominal) industry groups. Further, the policy proposes to allow majority foreign equity holdings up to 51% of equity for the trading companies which are engaged in export activities. This is to enable the domestic companies an easy access to international markets. With a view to act with the large international financial institutions and to approve the direct foreign investments proposals in selected areas, the New Policy proposes to constitute a special committee.Foreign Technology AgreementsThe New Industrial Policy proposes to give automatic permission for foreign technology agreements in identified high priority industries. Further, it also proposes to allow other industries to import foreign technology subject to the fulfillment of certain conditions.ConclusionThe New Industrial Policy, 1991 certainly differs importantly from the earlier philosophies, approaches, etc. of the government. For instance, prior to 1991, scope of public sector was expanded by reserving more number of industries for the public sector. But now, its scope has been reduced drastically by reducing the number of industries reserved for the public sector. Like this, a large number of changes can be noticed in the new policy. This process has been continuing even in post liberalization era. Adding to this, the government has taken a number of steps to give effect to its policy decisions included in the New Industrial Policy, 1991. Though the economy has been benefited significantly from these measures, the economy has not been able to reap the full benefits of the Economic Reform Package owing to the political instability, etc.PrivatizationPrivatization of PSUsMajority of the industrial enterprises in the public sector have failed to achieve the desired result. Of course, a number of factors-internal and external, controllable and non- controllable are responsible for his precarious performance. A look at the record of public sector undertakings (PSUs) in the country reveals the continuous expansion in the role of PSUs. Consequently, a number of enterprises have been established and huge amount of borrowed capital has been employed by the state even in the non-core, non-strategic and not so essential area. Hence, the state has made a number of changes in its New Industrial Policy announced on July 24, 1991.IntroductionIn the sixties and se venties, the public sector policy has been largely guided by Industrial Policy Resolution, 1956 which gave the public sector a strategic role in the economy. During the last four decades, massive investments have been made to build a public sector which has a commanding role in the economy. Today, many key sector of the economy are dominated by the mature public sector enterprises that have successfully expanded the production.In the early post-Independence years, there was virtual consensus ab forbidden the need for the government intervention in economic activities. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru described the public sector as Temples of Modern India. At that time, virtually neither questioned the strategy nor raised any doubts about its implementation. The number of central public sector enterprises increased from 5 in the year 1951 to 240 by the end of 1995 and investments in public sector undertakings (PSUs) increased from Rs29 crore in 1951 to Rs. 1,72,438 crore by the end of 1995. T hey contributed nearly one third of our exports. They made significant contribution to import substitution. Government undertakings account for more that 70% of the work force employed in the organized sector. They have greatly reduced the imbalanced of regional ontogeny and have laid strong base for the rapid development of the country. Some of the PSUs have earned a reputation par goodness at the international aim. Some giant public sector units (e.g., Indian Oil heap, Steel Authority of India, Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd., Coal India Ltd and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd) figure in Fortune world-wides large companies. Further, the public sector accounts for one-fourth of the countrys gross domestic product.There are two million employees in government undertakings and the average emoluments per annum amount to more than Rs.50, 000 each. Besides paying high salaries, public enterprises assure job security, good working condition, a ttractive incentive scheme, participative management, higher degree of safety, adequate facilities, etc.Meaning of PrivatisationThe revolution of privatization started in 1980 and spread to many parts of the world. Several countries are privatizing their public sector enterprises. India is no excommunication to it. Privatization was meant to improve the performance of public enterprises. Privatization techniques have been tried in countries like Great Britain, China, US, Turkey, Brazil, Mexico, Japan, etc. Privatization, in the narrow disposition, means transfer of ownership, or exchange of public enterprises. However, privatization has been used in different ways as detailed belowLiberalization admittance Privatization may be used in the sense of liberalization having fewer controls and regulation by the state in economic activities. This also means slowing of new controls and regulations and also dismantling of the existing controls and regulations. coition Share Enlargement A pproach Privatization may relate to enlargement of the dower of private enterprises in the production of goods and services in the economy. This means that faster economic expansion of goods and services produced by private sector and slowing down of production of goods and services in the public sector.Association of Private Sector caution Approach This approach suggests utilizing the services of managerial personnel or executives of private sector enterprises for the conduct and management of PSUs. raptus of Minority Equity Ownership Approach Privatization may be defined as the transfer of minority equity ownership of public enterprises to private individuals and institutions so that the ultimate control continues to remain with the state.Transfer of Complete Ownership Approach Privatization is also used in the sense of sale of all the shares to the private parties so that the public enterprises are converted into private enterprises.In India, privatization is taking place by ad opting two common methods viz.,(a) Having fewer controls and regulations by the state in economic activities, and(b) Transferring ownership of state equity in PSUs to private individuals and institutions.Benefits of PrivatizationIt is anticipate that privatization will ensure the following benefitsIncreasing overall efficiencyImprovement in the quality of management and decision makingNo government financial backing, and therefore, capital market will compel these enterprises to be more efficientSubstantial reduction in governments budgetary support resulting in reduction in budgetary deficitRecovery of government fund which could more productively be used in development activitiesReduction in political and bureaucratic interferencesBetter industrial relations management etc.ShortcomingsThough the PSUs have contributed heavily to develop the industrial base of the country, they continue, even today, to erect from a number of shortcomings which are identified below very briefly.A s izable number of PSUs have been incurring and reporting losses on a continual basis. Consequently, a large number of PSUs have already been referred of BIFRMultiplicity of authorities to whom the PSUs are accountableDelay in implementation of projects leading to toll escalation and other consequencesIneffective and widespread inefficiency on managementMany PSUs are operating without the leader (i.e., chief executive or chairman)With a view to result opportunities for more and more unemployed youths, more number of people, than required, were recruited and therefore, many PSUs are over-staffed resulting in lower labour productivity, bad industrial relations, etc.un-remunerative pricing policy andA number of sick companies (40 companies) which were in the private sector was taken over by public sector mainly to protect the employees. These sick units are causing a big drain on the resources of the state etc.Methods of PrivatizationThere are four important modes of privatization. The y areFranchising, (b) Contracting, (c) Leasing, and (d) Disinvestment.In India, disinvestment of government share of equity in PSUs is predominant. It started in 1992 immediately after the New Economic Policy in a phased manner. The main criticism of disinvestment of shares of PSUs in India is that it has been partial and half-hearted. There seems to be no plans to disinvest completely. The government still would like to keep a dominant control. 39 companies have been proposed for disinvestment till 1995-96. All the companies proposed for disinvestment are central PSUs. No state level PSU has been proposed for disinvestment. It could only disinvest 1% to 35% shares of PSUs on an average. It is also observed that the shares of efficient and profit-making companies are disinvested more than the companies which are potentially sick or sick companies. The disinvestment percentage is also not much in loss-making and inefficient units, thereby defeating the purpose.The Finance Ministry ha s also explained that the government is consciously not off-loading larger chunks of its holding. The Rangarajan Committee has suggested that government holding in public sector undertaking must be less than 50%. But partial disinvestment will be of no avail to change the culture in the public sector undertaking.Future Plans of GovernmentThe following are the future plans of government fortify strategic units,Privatizing non-strategic units by (1) Gradual disinvestment, and (2) Strategic sale, andDevising suitable rehabilitation package for weak units.ConclusionThe privatization process launched with all seriousness after the announcement of New Industrial Policy, 1991 was a failure. The state must accept this and take necessary steps either to privatize or to improve the efficiency and performance of PSUs.GLOBALISATIONIntroductionThe expansion of economic activities across political boundaries of nation states. More important, perhaps, it refers to a process of increasing economic integrated and growing economic interdependence between countries in the world economy. It is associated not only with an increasing cross- border movement of goods, services, capital technology information and people but also with an organization of economic activities which straddles national boundaries. This process is driven by the lure of profit and threat of competition in the market.The term globalization as such denotes adjustment of national economy with that of the world economy. It is conversion of a national market into international mobility of factors of production. In others words, it may be described as the consolidation of national economy with that of global economy.An important attribute of Globalization is the increasing degree of openness, which has three dimensions, i.e. international trade, international investment and international finance. According to area Development Report, Globalization reflects the progressive integration of worlds economies.The mani festation of production includes spatial reorganization of production the interpenetration of industries across borders, the spread of financial markets, and the diffusion of superposable consumer goods to distant countries and massive transfer of population across national frontiers.Globalization is a process of reaffirmation of faith in the markets, retaining the character of independence of a country. Here, the country follows a pragmatic policy with a shift in decision making from government to business. The market forces and the laws of economics will have greater importance than the political ideology. To make a country a successful partner in Globalization, the government must play a complimentary role.Factors bestow to GlobalizationThe important factors that contribute to Globalization are(a) Technological Advances In communicationTechnological advances in communication have made it possible to get in an instant what is happening in different parts of the world. The flow of information and ideas, boosted greatly by the Internet, can enable create countries to learn more rapidly from each other and from industrial countries.(b) Improvements In Transportation And TechnologyImprovements in transportation networks and technology are reducing the costs of shipping goods by water, ground and air. This can facilitate the movements of goods. Technological improvements can enable development countries to leap stages in the development process that rely on inefficient uses of national resources.(c) Other FactorsRising educational levels, technological innovations that allow ideas to circulate, and the economic failures of most centrally planned economies have also contributed to Globalization.Trends in GlobalizationThe important trends in Globalization are the followingInternational TradeTrade in goods and services has grown twice as fast as global gross domestic product in the 1990s and the share attributable to developing countries has risen from 23 to 29 percent. There is a compositional shift in trade, which has created a new pattern in the international exchange of goods, services, and ideas. Trade in components is one part of that new pattern. Advances in information technology helps to link firms from developing countries into global production networks. The tremendous growth of trade in services and, more recently, of electronic commerce is also a part of the new trade pattern.(b) International Financial FlowsThere has been increase in international capital flows of developing countries. However, the financial crisis of 1977-99 have put the growing interdependencies among countries in the spotlight and led to desirous scrutiny. Such flows are started to rise again. The financial performance of emerging markets in the 1990s made capital account liberalization an attractive option for developing countries. Many developing countries have began to loosen controls on inflows and outflows of capital.The East Asian meltdown has enha nced the attractiveness of long-term capital investment. Countries have started to recognize that foreign direct investment brings with it not only capital but also technology market access and organizational skills. An analysis of the period 1996-97 shows that foreign direct investment was less volatile than the commercial bank loans and foreign portfolio flows.(c) International MigrationAlong with goods, services, and investment, people are crossing borders in large numbers. According to humanity Development Report 1999-2000, each tear between 2 million and 3 million people emigrate, with majority of them going to just 4 countries the get together States, Germany, Canada and Australia. The market for highly skilled workers will become even more globally integrated in the coming decades.At the end of the 20th deoxycytidine monophosphate Globalization has already demonstrated that economic decisions, wherever they are made in the world, must take international factors into accoun t. There is acceleration of goods, services, ideas and capital across nation borders.Advantages of Globalization(a) Promise of Increase Productivity And Higher Living StandardsGlobalization brings in new opportunities such as access to markets and technology transfer. These opportunities hold out the promise of increased productivity and higher living standards.(b) Increase In Trade In Goods And ServicesThere is tremendous growth in trade in goods and services. Trade in goods and services has grown twice as fast as global GDP in the 1990s and the share attributable to developing countries has climbed from 230to 29 percent. Increased international competition in services will lead to reduction in prices and improvements in quality. This will increase the competitiveness of downstream industries. Both industrial and development economics will gain by opening their markets.(c) Provide New Opportunities For GrowthFor developing countries, trade is the primary vehicle for realizing the b enefits of Globalization. Imports bring additional competition and variety to domestic markets, which benefit consumers. Exports, on the other hand, enlarge foreign markets and benefit business. Further trade exposes domestic firms to the best practices of foreign firms and encourages greater efficiency. Trade gives forms access to improved capital inputs such as machine tools, which boosts productivity. Trade encourages the redistribution of labour and capital too relatively to more productive sectors. It has contributed to the ongoing shift of some manufacturing and services activities from industrial to developing countries, providing new opportunities for growth.(d) Globalization of Financial MarketsGlobalization of finance markets affects development because finance plays an important role in economic growth and industrialization. Financial Globalization affects growth in two ways. First, it increases the global supply of capital. Second, it promotes domestic financial developm ent and hence, improves allocative efficiency, creates new financial instruments, and raises the quality of baking services.(e) Increased Flow Of foreign Market CapitalGlobalization leads to increased flows of capital across countries. Flows of foreign capital offer substantial economic gains to all parties. Foreign investors diversify their risks outside their home market and gain access to profitable opportunities through out the world. Economies receiving inflows raise the level of investment. When there is foreign investment it is generally accompanied by management expertise, training programs and important linkages to suppliers and international markets.(f) Impact on indigenceThe fast growth and overall development resulting from liberalization, increased flow of trade ad capital could have a major impact on poverty. It is credibly to reduce the number of people living in absolute poverty.(g) Increase The Level Of Interdependence And CompetitivenessGlobalization is supposed to accelerate and increase the level of interdependence and competitiveness among nation. It is a change from plan to market. As a consequence, markets for merchandise trade are expanding, more and more service are universe traded internationally, and capital is flowing in quicker and increasingly diverse ways across countries and regions. There is increasing integration of countries into World markets for goods, services and capital. In short, Globalization widens and intensifies international linkages in trade and finance.(h) Induce Domestic Firms To Improve TechnologyThe better technology brought in by the MNCs may induce or chevy the domestic firms to absorb similar technology. This may improve their competitiveness and expansion.Disadvantages of GlobalizationThe universal acceptance of the market economy and the Globalization led by private enterprises tend to have some harmful effects on the economy of developing countries. They are discussed belowTakeover of National FirmsT here are a large numbers of cases of takeover of national firms by foreign firms. In some cases, the domestic firms had to handover the majority of equity to foreign partners of joint ventures due to their softness to bring in additional capital.Ruin of Traditional Crafts And IndustriesGlobalization has lead to replacement of traditionalistic and indigenous products by modern products. This has resulted in the ruin of traditional crafts and industries and the livelihood of the people depended on these sectors.Brings InstabilityGlobalization sometimes brings instability and unwelcome change in the economy. It exposes workers to competition from imports, which can threaten their jobs. The inflow of foreign capital into the country through Globalization may undermine banks.(d) Widens The DisparityGlobalization will widen the disparity between one who are associated with market and one who are not. With the expansion of trade and foreign investment, the gaps among the developing count ries will widen .it has brought in increased income inequality in many industrial countries .it is argued that the developing countries and the poor people are not in a position of achieving benefits from Globalization. The only beneficiaries of it are the developed countries and the MNCs.Growth rate of Indias real GDP per capitaPer Capita GDP of South Asian Economies.Estimates of the Per Capita Income of India.CONCLUSIONEconomic liberalization has increased the responsibility and role of the private sector. At the same time, it has reduced the control of the government on economy affairs. It is expected that the reforms would liberalize the Indian economy enough to create a conducive environment for rapid economic development. The Ninth Five grade Plan, therefore, rightly observed, The conditions that exist today, demand a decisive break from the past. The government has taken on itself too many responsibilities with the result that it not only encouraged a dependency syndrome amo ng our people, but also imposed severe strains on financial and administrative capabilities of the government.Private initiative whether individual, collective or community-based forms the essence of the development strategy articulated in the plan.The process of reforms according to many economists and sociable scientists is not fast enough to achieve the goals. Jeffrey Sachs, director of Harvard Universitys center for international development and a noted economist, pointed out that the reform process in India had a long way to go. He feels that without a focus on the twin pillars of social and economic strategies, the future would be bleak for India, especially in the context of competition all around.Liberalization process is on the slow track. Government is expected to reduce and finally give up its involvement in economic matters and play a major role in providing the required socio-economic infrastructure. The government, however, is reluctant to give up its role of owning an d controlling economic activities. At the same time its inability to spend for providing minimum health and education services. It is eager to spend on higher education without spending enough on primary and secondary education. It has failed in providing a corruption free administration, an essential precondition for increasing com

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During my 3 years at Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) as a Maintenance Planning engineer, I breathed planning and organizing. Working for a multi-billion dollar enterprise, I saw the effects of operational efficiencies on the balance sheet. This relevant exposure has shaped my closing to pursue a career in Industrial Engineering, a field that strives to increase productivity and efficiencies by systematic study and innovation.Working at HPCLs 7.6MMTPA refinery, I was a part of the team that ensured that all units were maintained well to operate at optimal capacity, round the clock. I was responsible for preparing schedules and planning for the men, machinery and natural for maintenance activities. It was in this role that I experienced firsthand, the need and applicability of scientifically managed and optimized processes in the industry.During an outage of the Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU), a faulty pleonastic gasket had kept the start-up of the unit on h old. I was chosen to procure the replacement, for which I had to fly 500 miles on a moments notice, having to manage the gasket as my luggage. This trip was satisfying, not just because it brought down the pissedial loss margins from $250,000 to $70,000, but because I learnt the importance of judicious planning in extenuating losses. After this, I led a 4 person team to catalogue and update equipment spare parts in a database. With lessons learnt during the previous outage, I compiled a checklist that leverages the database to streamline and double-check the real planning process, reducing the probability of a last-minute emergency.28 months and 7 major unit shutdowns later, in January 2013, I was made team-lead for planning a vamp up of a Crude h... ...nt of pursuing graduate studies is to enhance my existing knowledge and skills, so that I can realize my vision of unlocking the potential of process optimization in small and medium scale enterprises in nations with developin g economies such as India. For now, though, my focus is on garnering specialized knowledge and skills and furthering my industry experience. UC-B is a college with maestro expertise like no other. Being a part of the Graduate community at UC-B with their collaborative inter-cultural community will help develop my personality. The article of belief approach at UC-B of encouraging by challenge is ideal for a passionate learner like me. With a hope that you will find the potent combination of talent and determination in me as something that will add value to the legacy of UC-B, I am looking forward to be a part of the esteemed UC-B graduate community.

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Srijana ChhetriMr. WesneyHonors World HistoryDec.18, 2013Industrial Revolution in EnglandThe Industrial Revolution began in England towards the late 17th century. It started in the United Kingdom and was driven by a technology system based on water power and steam engines, cotton, textiles, ironworking, river transport, and canals. These inventions made it possible to train heavy commodities such as coal, iron, wool, grain and so forth from one end of the world to another (Henderson 1, The Industrial... 1815-1914). Inventors of new machines were honored and inventions of new technology were back up during this time period. Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for work within the new mills and factories, but these were always accompanied by strict working conditions with long hours of labor, and often involved young children and women. The Industrial Revolution replaced an prudence based on agriculture with one based on intentness and manufacturing. One of the mos t important changes was the continuous enlargement of the population and the economy. Most observers in the 18th century did not believe that expansion of the population and the economy could be sustained indefinitely. Thomas Malthus argued that population naturally grows faster than the food supply, and, therefore, malnutrition, famine, and disease would correct the imbalance (Trebilcock 397-398). However, this did not take place because of the continued expansion of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution also gave an advantage to the government because the states in Europe issued tariffs to gain money, and as big companies emerged, they were required to register with the government and smother an annual budget. The societies during this ... ...e to the lack of better medicines. We could still be using subsistence agriculture to feed our family rather than commercial agriculture. Every piece being on this reason should appreciate the fact that this event occurred because it has made their life so much easier and better compared to the life before the pre- industrial time. Even if some other huge revolution had occurred, instead of the Industrial Revolution, it would never be able to bring the same impact that this revolution was able to bring. The Industrial Revolution allowed people to drop a line time with the new inventions, and also created more interactions in the global world with trade. There is no doubt that it was one of the most influential time periods of human history and most responsible for propelling society into the modern economies that we still have in place today.

Decision-Making Models Essay -- Responsible Decision-Making Model

Decision-Making ModelsThere ar several finis-making models to choose from in all given situation. Some of these models available on the Internet are the amenable Decision-Making Model, the Ethical Decision-Making Model, the Ethics Toolkit PLUS Model, the Vigilant Decision-Maker Process, and some basic ones as well. In general, all decision-making models are the processes we use to make well-thought out decisions. There are three major elements of all decision-making models. These three elements are how are criteria determined, how are alternatives generated, and how are alternatives evaluated against criteria (Scholl, p. 1). In this paper, we will use the Responsible Decision-Making Model to explain how the process works to help us make better decisions.The Responsible Decision-Making ModelThe Responsible Decision-Making Model is a Power Point presentation that was on the Internet (Scarbo, slides 1-18). There are six steps to this decision-making model. The first step is to clear ly name the situation either in writing or aloud. The second step is to list any likely solutions to the situation. The third step is to share the list of affirmable solutions with another responsible person because he or she may have other solutions to add to the list. The fourth step is to carefully evaluate each possible solution using the six criteria. We will look at these six criteria in the next paragraph. The fifth step is to make a final decision on which sol...

Is it Possible to Forecast Financial Schenanigans Essay -- essays rese

IntroductionI found nomadics story on the Internet piece of music doing a Google search. As I was reading Financial Shenanigans from Horward Schilit to prepare for the level 2 of the CFA examination, I decided to have a closer look at the financial statements of roving Systems Inc. that were published in advance the shenanigans became publicly known (in whitethorn 2002) in order to detect those shenanigans solely based on those financial statements more than specifically on the forms 10K filed by rambling between 1998 an 2001.Here is a summary of the story, quoted from the court that had to rule on those irregularities1. fluid Systems, Inc. ( roving) was a computer software package fellowship headquartered in San Diego, California. meandering(a) was merged in California in 1981 and reincorporated in Delaware in 1994. From its initial public offering (initial offering) in April 1997 until it was delisted on August 30, 2002, Peregrine was a publicly held corporation whose shares were registered securities traded under the symbol PRGN on the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation system (NASDAQ), a study securities exchange that used the means and instrumentalities of interstate highway commerce and the mails.2. Peregrine developed and sold business software and related services. Software license fees accounted for the bulk of Peregrines publicly reported revenues. Peregrine sold its software directly with its own sales organization and indirectly through resellers such as value added resellers and systems integrators.3. From its IPO in April 1997 through the quarter ended June 2001, Peregrine reported 17 consecutive quarters of revenue growth, always meeting or beating securities analysts expectations. Peregrines line of business price soared from its April 1997 IPO price of approximately $2.25 per share (split adjusted) to approximately $80 per share in March 2000. By March 2002, Peregrine had issued over 192 million shar es.4. In May 2002, Peregrine disclosed that its prior public reports had been materially false and that it had employed a variety of devices, schemes and fraudulent account statement practices over an extended period of age in order to portray itself as far more healthy and successful that it actually was. After Peregrine disclosed its true financial results and condition, its computer storage price dropped precipitously and now trades at below $1 per share... ...the shrinking size of the 10K that went from 1330 pages in 1999 to 154 pages in 2001. That implies that the company disclosed significantly less teaching on the way it constructed its financial statements.This study also found some weaker warnings, but failed to find the heart of the gimmicks. I dont think that those warnings could glide by to any conclusion by themselves, as there may be some noise even in a healthy company.What actually happened?PeregrineInflated revenue by recording sales to resellers that werent f inalsSold false invoices to banksImproperly accounted for cash appealImproperly wrote off receivablesImproperly accounted for stock optionsFailed to maintained adequate books and recordsIt seems that even if they inflated revenue, they had a strong business activity (even if it wasnt as big(p) as what their statements indicated) the other gimmicks didnt select revenue. Their stock price, which hit a low of $2.25 during the crisis, is now trading in the $20 range Is it Possible to project Financial Schenanigans Essay -- essays rese IntroductionI found Peregrines story on the Internet while doing a Google search. As I was reading Financial Shenanigans from Horward Schilit to prepare for the level 2 of the CFA examination, I decided to have a closer look at the financial statements of Peregrine Systems Inc. that were published before the shenanigans became publicly known (in May 2002) in order to detect those shenanigans solely based on those financial statements more specifically on the forms 10K filed by Peregrine between 1998 an 2001.Here is a summary of the story, quoted from the court that had to rule on those irregularities1.Peregrine Systems, Inc. (Peregrine) was a computer software company headquartered in San Diego, California. Peregrine was incorporated in California in 1981 and reincorporated in Delaware in 1994. From its initial public offering (IPO) in April 1997 until it was delisted on August 30, 2002, Peregrine was a publicly held corporation whose shares were registered securities traded under the symbol PRGN on the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation system (NASDAQ), a national securities exchange that used the means and instrumentalities of interstate commerce and the mails.2. Peregrine developed and sold business software and related services. Software license fees accounted for the bulk of Peregrines publicly reported revenues. Peregrine sold its software directly through its own sales organiza tion and indirectly through resellers such as value added resellers and systems integrators.3. From its IPO in April 1997 through the quarter ended June 2001, Peregrine reported 17 consecutive quarters of revenue growth, always meeting or beating securities analysts expectations. Peregrines stock price soared from its April 1997 IPO price of approximately $2.25 per share (split adjusted) to approximately $80 per share in March 2000. By March 2002, Peregrine had issued over 192 million shares.4. In May 2002, Peregrine disclosed that its prior public reports had been materially false and that it had employed a variety of devices, schemes and fraudulent accounting practices over an extended period of time in order to portray itself as far more healthy and successful that it actually was. After Peregrine disclosed its true financial results and condition, its stock price dropped precipitously and now trades at below $1 per share... ...the shrinking size of the 10K that went from 1330 p ages in 1999 to 154 pages in 2001. That implies that the company disclosed significantly less information on the way it constructed its financial statements.This study also found some weaker warnings, but failed to find the heart of the gimmicks. I dont think that those warnings could lead to any conclusion by themselves, as there may be some noise even in a healthy company.What actually happened?PeregrineInflated revenue by recording sales to resellers that werent finalsSold false invoices to banksImproperly accounted for cash collectionImproperly wrote off receivablesImproperly accounted for stock optionsFailed to maintained adequate books and recordsIt seems that even if they inflated revenue, they had a strong business activity (even if it wasnt as large as what their statements indicated) the other gimmicks didnt involve revenue. Their stock price, which hit a low of $2.25 during the crisis, is now trading in the $20 range